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\subsection{MIPS Calling Convention}

\paragraph{Overview}

The MIPS family of processors is based on the MIPS processor architecture.
Multiple revisions of the MIPS Instruction set exist, namely MIPS I, MIPS II, MIPS III, MIPS IV, MIPS32 and MIPS64.
Today, MIPS32 and MIPS64 for 32-bit and 64-bit respectively.\\
Several add-on extensions exist for the MIPS family: 

\begin{description}
\item [MIPS-3D] simple floating-point SIMD instructions dedicated to common 3D tasks.
\item [MDMX] (MaDMaX) more extensive integer SIMD instruction set using 64 bit floating-point registers.
\item [MIPS16e] adds compression to the instruction stream to make programs take up less room (allegedly a response to the THUMB instruction set of the ARM architecture).
\item [MIPS MT] multithreading additions to the system similar to HyperThreading.
\end{description}

Unfortunately, there is actually no such thing as "The MIPS Calling Convention".  Many possible conventions are used
by many different environments such as \emph{O32}\cite{MIPSo32}, \emph{O64}, \emph{N32}, \emph{N64} and \emph{EABI}.\\

\paragraph{\product{dyncall} support}

Currently, dyncall supports for MIPS 32-bit architectures the O32 calling convention, as well as EABI (which is used on the Homebrew SDK for
the Playstation Portable). For MIPS 64-bit machines, dyncall supports the N32 and N64 calling conventions.

\subsubsection{MIPS EABI 32-bit Calling Convention}

\paragraph{Register usage}

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{0.95\textwidth}{lll}
Name                                   & Alias                & Brief description\\
\hline
{\bf \$0}                              & {\bf \$zero}         & Hardware zero \\
{\bf \$1}                              & {\bf \$at}           & Assembler temporary \\
{\bf \$2-\$3}                          & {\bf \$v0-\$v1}      & Integer results \\
{\bf \$4-\$11}                         & {\bf \$a0-\$a7}      & Integer arguments\\
{\bf \$12-\$15,\$24}                   & {\bf \$t4-\$t7,\$t8} & Integer temporaries \\
{\bf \$25}                             & {\bf \$t9}           & Integer temporary, hold the address of the called function for all PIC calls (by convention) \\
{\bf \$16-\$23}                        & {\bf \$s0-\$s7}      & Preserved \\
{\bf \$26,\$27}                        & {\bf \$kt0,\$kt1}    & Reserved for kernel \\
{\bf \$28}                             & {\bf \$gp}           & Global pointer, preserve \\
{\bf \$29}                             & {\bf \$sp}           & Stack pointer, preserve \\
{\bf \$30}                             & {\bf \$s8}           & Frame pointer, preserve \\
{\bf \$31}                             & {\bf \$ra}           & Return address, preserve \\
{\bf hi, lo}                           &                      & Multiply/divide special registers \\
{\bf \$f0,\$f2}                        &                      & Float results \\
{\bf \$f1,\$f3,\$f4-\$f11,\$f20-\$f23} &                      & Float temporaries \\
{\bf \$f12-\$f19}                      &                      & Float arguments \\
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Register usage on MIPS32 EABI calling convention}
\end{table}

\paragraph{Parameter passing}

\begin{itemize}
\item Stack grows down
\item Stack parameter order: right-to-left
\item Caller cleans up the stack
\item Stack always aligned to 8 bytes.
\item first 8 integers or floats are passed independently in registers using \$a0-\$a7 and \$f12-\$f19, respectively.
\item if either integer or float registers are used up, the stack is used
\item 64-bit integers or floats are passed on two integer registers starting at an even register number, skipping one odd register.
\item \$a0-\$a7 and \$f12-\$f19 are not required to be preserved.
\item results are returned in \$v0 (32-bit), \$v0 and \$v1 (64-bit), \$f0 or \$f0 and \$f2 (2 $\times$ 32 bit float e.g. complex).
\end{itemize}

\paragraph{Stack layout}

Stack directly after function prolog:\\

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular}{5|3|1 1}
\hhline{~-~~}
                                         & \vdots       &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~=~~}                            
register save area                       & \hspace{4cm} &                                & \mrrbrace{5}{caller's frame} \\
\hhline{~-~~}                            
local data                               &              &                                &   \\
\hhline{~-~~}                            
\mrlbrace{3}{parameter area}             & \ldots       & \mrrbrace{3}{stack parameters} &                              \\
                                         & \ldots       &                                &                              \\
                                         & \ldots       &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~=~~}
register save area (with return address) &              &                                & \mrrbrace{5}{current frame}  \\
\hhline{~-~~}
local data                               &              &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~-~~}
parameter area                           &              &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~-~~}
                                         & \vdots       &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~-~~}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Stack layout on mips32 eabi calling convention}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\subsubsection{MIPS O32 32-bit Calling Convention}

\paragraph{Register usage}

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{0.95\textwidth}{lll}
Name                         & Alias                & Brief description\\
\hline                                                             
{\bf \$0}                    & {\bf \$zero}         & hardware zero \\
{\bf \$1}                    & {\bf \$at}           & assembler temporary \\
{\bf \$2-\$3}                & {\bf \$v0-\$v1}      & return value, scratch \\
{\bf \$4-\$7}                & {\bf \$a0-\$a3}      & first integer arguments, scratch\\
{\bf \$8-\$15,\$24}          & {\bf \$t0-\$t7,\$t8} & temporaries, scratch \\
{\bf \$25}                   & {\bf \$t9}           & temporary, hold the address of the called function for all PIC calls (by convention) \\
{\bf \$16-\$23}              & {\bf \$s0-\$s7}      & preserved \\
{\bf \$26,\$27}              & {\bf \$k0,\$k1}      & reserved for kernel \\
{\bf \$28}                   & {\bf \$gp}           & global pointer, preserve \\
{\bf \$29}                   & {\bf \$sp}           & stack pointer, preserve \\
{\bf \$30}                   & {\bf \$fp}           & frame pointer, preserve \\
{\bf \$31}                   & {\bf \$ra}           & return address, preserve \\
{\bf hi, lo}                 &                      & multiply/divide special registers \\
{\bf \$f0-\$f3}              &                      & float return value, scratch \\
{\bf \$f4-\$f11,\$f16-\$f19} &                      & float temporaries, scratch \\
{\bf \$f12-\$f15}            &                      & first floating point arguments, scratch \\
{\bf \$f20-\$f31}            &                      & preserved \\
\end{tabular*}
\caption{Register usage on MIPS O32 calling convention}
\end{table}

\paragraph{Parameter passing}

\begin{itemize}
\item Stack grows down
\item Stack parameter order: right-to-left
\item Caller cleans up the stack
\item Caller is required to always leave a 16-byte spill area for\$a0-\$a3 at the and of {\bf its} frame, to be used and spilled to by the callee, if needed
\item The different stack areas (local data, register save area, parameter area) are each aligned to 8 bytes.
\item generally, first four 32bit arguments are passed in registers \$a0-\$a3, respectively (see below for exceptions if first arg is a float)
\item subsequent parameters are passed vie the stack
\item 64-bit params passed via registers are passed using either two registers (starting at an even register number, skipping an odd one if necessary), or via the stack using an 8-byte alignment
\item if the very first call argument is a float, up to 2 floats or doubles can be passed via \$f12 and \$f14, respectively, for first and second argument
\item if any arguments are passed via float registers, skip \$a0-\$a3 for subsequent arguments as if the values were passed via them
\item note that if the first argument is not a float, but the second, it'll get passed via the \$a? registers
\item results are returned in \$v0 (32-bit int return values), \$f0 (32-bit float), \$v0 and \$v1 (64-bit int), \$f0 and \$f3 (64bit float)
\end{itemize}

\paragraph{Stack layout}

Stack directly after function prolog:\\

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular}{5|3|1 1}
\hhline{~-~~}
                                         & \vdots         &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~=~~}                            
local data                               & \hspace{4cm}   &                                & \mrrbrace{12}{caller's frame} \\
\hhline{~-~~}                            
register save area                       & return address &                                &   \\
                                         & s7             &                                &   \\
                                         & \vdots         &                                &   \\
                                         & s0             &                                &   \\
\hhline{~-~~}                                             
\mrlbrace{7}{parameter area}             & \ldots         & \mrrbrace{3}{stack parameters} &                              \\
                                         & \ldots         &                                &                              \\
                                         & \ldots         &                                &                              \\
                                         & a3             & \mrrbrace{4}{spill area}       &                              \\
                                         & a2             &                                &                              \\
                                         & a1             &                                &                              \\
                                         & a0             &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~=~~}                                             
local data                               &                &                                & \mrrbrace{5}{current frame}  \\
\hhline{~-~~}                                             
register save area (with return address) &                &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~-~~}                                             
parameter area                           &                &                                &                              \\
                                         & \vdots         &                                &                              \\
\hhline{~-~~}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Stack layout on MIPS O32 calling convention}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\subsubsection{MIPS N32 32-bit Calling Convention}

@@@