Mercurial > pub > dyncall > dyncall
annotate doc/manual/manual_overview.tex @ 663:127b569978cc default tip
- another tweak handling clang trying to be too smart (see last commit)
| author | Tassilo Philipp |
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| date | Sun, 24 Mar 2024 13:52:44 +0100 |
| parents | bf78e6542ef9 |
| children |
| rev | line source |
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| 0 | 1 %////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
| 2 % | |
| 333 | 3 % Copyright (c) 2007-2019 Daniel Adler <dadler@uni-goettingen.de>, |
| 0 | 4 % Tassilo Philipp <tphilipp@potion-studios.com> |
| 5 % | |
| 6 % Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any | |
| 7 % purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above | |
| 8 % copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. | |
| 9 % | |
| 10 % THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES | |
| 11 % WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
| 12 % MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR | |
| 13 % ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES | |
| 14 % WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN | |
| 15 % ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF | |
| 16 % OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. | |
| 17 % | |
| 18 %////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// | |
| 19 | |
| 467 | 20 \clearpage |
| 0 | 21 |
| 22 \section{Overview} | |
| 23 | |
| 24 The \product{dyncall} library encapsulates architecture-, OS- and compiler-specific | |
| 72 | 25 function call semantics in a virtual % |
| 26 % | |
| 73 | 27 \casehtml{\Tg<span class="marker">}{\begin{center}}% |
| 0 | 28 \emph{bind argument parameters from left to right and then call} |
| 72 | 29 \casehtml{\Tg</span>}{\end{center}}% |
| 30 % | |
| 0 | 31 interface allowing programmers to call C functions |
| 32 in a completely dynamic manner. In other words, instead of calling a function | |
| 33 directly, the \product{dyncall} library provides a mechanism to push the function parameters | |
| 34 manually and to issue the call afterwards.\\ | |
| 35 Since the idea behind this concept is similar to call dispatching mechanisms | |
| 36 of virtual machines, the object that can be dynamically loaded with arguments, | |
| 37 and then used to actually invoke the call, is called CallVM. It is possible to | |
| 38 change the calling convention used by the CallVM at run-time. | |
| 39 Due to the fact that nearly every platform comes with one or more distinct calling | |
| 40 conventions, the \product{dyncall} library project intends to be a portable and open-source | |
| 41 approach to the variety of compiler-specific binary interfaces, platform specific | |
| 42 subtleties, and so on\ldots\\ | |
| 43 \\ | |
| 44 The core of the library consists of dynamic implementations of different | |
| 45 calling conventions written in assembler. | |
| 46 Although the library aims to be highly portable, some assembler code needs to | |
| 47 be written for nearly every platform/compiler/OS combination. | |
| 48 Unfortunately, there are architectures we just don't have at home or work. If | |
| 49 you want to see \product{dyncall} running on such a platform, feel free to send | |
| 50 in code and patches, or even to donate hardware you don't need anymore. | |
| 73 | 51 Check the \textbf{supported platforms} section for an overview of the supported |
| 0 | 52 platforms and the different calling convention sections for details about the |
| 53 support. | |
| 54 \\ | |
| 55 \begin{comment} | |
| 56 @@@ | |
| 57 A typical binary library consists of symbolic names that map to variables and | |
| 58 functions, the latter being pre-compiled for a | |
| 59 specific calling convention and architecture. Given \product{dyncall} has been ported to | |
| 60 that binary platform, it is possible to call such a function dynamically | |
| 61 without writing glue code or prototypes or even knowing its C declaration - | |
| 62 all that is needed is a pointer to it.\\ | |
| 63 To avoid confusion, note that from the point of view of the library all | |
| 64 parameters are handled the same way, even though the implementation might use | |
| 65 other ways to pass parameters in order to suit specific calling conventions.\\ | |
| 66 \end{comment} | |
| 67 | |
| 68 | |
| 69 \subsection{Features} | |
| 70 | |
| 71 \begin{itemize} | |
| 72 \item A portable and extendable function call interface for the C programming | |
| 73 language. | |
| 74 \item Ports to major platforms including Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD derivates, iPhone and embedded devices and more, including lesser known and/or older platforms like Plan 9, Playstation Portable, Nintendo DS, etc.. | |
| 75 \item Add-on language bindings to Python, R, Ruby, Go, Erlang, Java, Lua, sh, ... | |
| 76 \item High-level state machine design using C to model calling convention | |
| 77 parameter transfer. | |
| 78 \item One assembly \emph{hybrid} call routine per calling convention. | |
| 79 \item Formatted call, vararg function API. | |
| 80 \item Comprehensive test suite. | |
| 81 \end{itemize} | |
| 82 | |
| 83 \pagebreak | |
| 84 | |
| 85 \subsection{Showcase} | |
| 86 | |
| 87 \paragraph{Foreign function call in C} | |
| 88 This section demonstrates how the foreign function call is issued without, and then | |
| 89 with, the help of the \product{dyncall} library and scripting language | |
| 90 bindings. | |
| 91 | |
| 92 \begin{lstlisting}[language=c,caption=Foreign function call in C] | |
| 93 double call_as_sqrt(void* funptr, double x) | |
| 94 { | |
| 95 return ( ( double (*)(double) )funptr)(x); | |
| 96 } | |
| 97 \end{lstlisting} | |
| 98 | |
| 99 \paragraph{\product{Dyncall} C library example} | |
| 100 | |
| 101 The same operation can be broken down into atomic pieces | |
| 102 (specify calling convention, binding arguments, invoking the call) | |
| 103 using the \dc\ library. | |
| 104 | |
| 105 \begin{lstlisting}[language=c,caption=Dyncall C library example] | |
| 106 #include <dyncall.h> | |
| 107 double call_as_sqrt(void* funptr, double x) | |
| 108 { | |
| 109 double r; | |
| 110 DCCallVM* vm = dcNewCallVM(4096); | |
| 111 dcMode(vm, DC_CALL_C_DEFAULT); | |
| 112 dcReset(vm); | |
| 113 dcArgDouble(vm, x); | |
| 114 r = dcCallDouble(vm, funptr); | |
| 115 dcFree(vm); | |
| 116 return r; | |
| 117 } | |
| 118 \end{lstlisting} | |
| 119 | |
| 333 | 120 This is more code than a direct, hardcoded function call, however it's completely dynamic. |
| 121 Also, despite this coming with an overhead of more executed code per single function call, | |
| 122 compared to function interface wrapper tools that generate per call glue-code less code is | |
| 123 used overall, . % might want to test this claim against swig, etc. | |
| 0 | 124 |
| 125 The following are examples from script bindings: | |
| 126 | |
| 127 \paragraph{Python example} | |
| 128 | |
| 129 \begin{lstlisting}[language=python,caption=Dyncall Python bindings example] | |
| 130 import pydc | |
| 131 def call_as_sqrt(funptr,x): | |
| 132 return pydc.call(funptr,"d)d", x) | |
| 133 \end{lstlisting} | |
| 134 | |
| 135 | |
| 136 \paragraph{R example} | |
| 137 | |
| 138 \begin{lstlisting}[language=R,caption=Dyncall R bindings example,escapeinside={TEX}{XET}] % escapeinside is a workaround for issues with '<' in lstlisting+tex4ht | |
| 139 library(rdyncall) | |
| 140 call.as.sqrt TEX\textlessXET- function(funptr,x) | |
| 141 .dyncall(funptr,"d)d", x) | |
| 142 \end{lstlisting} | |
| 143 | |
| 144 | |
| 145 \pagebreak | |
| 146 | |
| 147 \subsection{Supported platforms/architectures} | |
| 148 | |
| 149 The feature matrix below gives a brief overview of the currently supported | |
| 150 platforms. Different colors are used, where a green cell indicates a supported | |
| 558 | 151 platform, with both, call and callback support, yellow a platform that might |
| 152 work (but is untested) and red a platform that is currently unsupported. Gray | |
| 153 cells are combinations that don't exist at the time of writing, or that are not | |
| 154 taken into account.\\ | |
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155 Light green cells mark complete feature support, including passing aggregates |
| 558 | 156 (struct, union) by value. Dark green means basic support but lacking lesser |
| 157 used features (e.g. no aggregate-by-value support). Please note that a green | |
| 158 cell (even a light-green one) doesn't imply that all existing calling | |
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159 conventions/features/build tools are supported for that platform (but the most |
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160 important). |
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161 % @@@ The rightmost column gives a brief info about calling convention support or other notes. |
| 0 | 162 |
| 333 | 163 |
| 164 % colors used to signalize undefined, not used, supported, etc. states. | |
| 165 \newcommand{\marknull}{\cellcolor{white}} | |
| 166 \newcommand{\markcmpl}{\cellcolor{lightgreen}} | |
| 167 \newcommand{\markimpl}{\cellcolor{darkgreen}} | |
| 168 \newcommand{\marknimp}{\cellcolor{red}} | |
| 169 \newcommand{\markunkn}{\cellcolor{yellow}} | |
| 170 \newcommand{\marknotx}{\cellcolor{gray1}} | |
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171 |
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172 \newcommand{\OSwinfam} {\ninety{Windows family} } |
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173 \newcommand{\OSlinux} {\ninety{Linux} } |
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174 \newcommand{\OSdarwin} {\ninety{macOS / iOS / Darwin} } |
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175 \newcommand{\OSfreebsd}{\ninety{FreeBSD} } |
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176 \newcommand{\OSnetbsd} {\ninety{NetBSD} } |
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177 \newcommand{\OSopenbsd}{\ninety{OpenBSD} } |
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178 \newcommand{\OSdflybsd}{\ninety{DragonFlyBSD} } |
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179 \newcommand{\OSsunos} {\ninety{Solaris / SunOS} } |
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180 \newcommand{\OSplanN} {\ninety{Plan 9 / 9front} } |
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181 \newcommand{\OSbeos} {\ninety{Haiku / BeOS} } |
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182 \newcommand{\OSminix} {\ninety{Minix} } |
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183 \newcommand{\OSpsp} {\ninety{Playstation Portable (EABI)}} |
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184 \newcommand{\OSnds} {\ninety{Nintendo DS} } |
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185 |
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186 % also include hardfloat/softfloat @@@ |
| 0 | 187 \begin{table}[h] |
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188 \begin{tabular}{r>{\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\tiny}l*{12}{c!{\color{gray3}\vrule}}c>{\tiny}l} |
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189 & & \OSwinfam & \OSlinux & \OSdarwin & \OSfreebsd & \OSnetbsd & \OSopenbsd & \OSdflybsd & \OSsunos & \OSplanN & \OSbeos & \OSminix & \OSpsp & \OSnds \\%& \\ |
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190 \arrayrulecolor{gray3}% |
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191 \multirow{2}{*}{ARM} & EB & \marknotx & \markunkn & \marknotx & \markunkn & \markunkn & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \multirow{2}{*}{atpcs (arm \& thumb), eabi (arm \& thumb), armhf} \\ |
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192 \hhline{*{1}{|~}*{14}{|-}}% ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- find@@@ ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- new@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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193 & EL & \markunkn & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \markunkn & \marknotx & \markimpl \\%& \\ |
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194 \hline% ^- dynOS ^- dynOS ^- real/iPho ^- dynOS ^- dynOS ^- real/bbb ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- new@@@ ^- new@@@ ^- checked ^- checked |
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195 \multirow{2}{*}{ARM64} & EB & \marknotx & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \multirow{2}{*}{aapcs64, apple} \\ |
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196 \hhline{*{1}{|~}*{14}{|-}}% ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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197 & EL & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markunkn & \markimpl & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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198 \hline% ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- real/iPho ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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199 \multirow{2}{*}{MIPS} & EB & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \multirow{2}{*}{o32 (hf \& sf), eabi (hf only)} \\ |
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200 \hhline{*{1}{|~}*{14}{|-}}% ^- checked ^- dynOS ^- checked ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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201 & EL & \marknotx & \markunkn & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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202 \hline% ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- dynOS ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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203 \multirow{2}{*}{MIPS64} & EB & \marknotx & \markunkn & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markunkn & \markimpl & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \multirow{2}{*}{n64 (hf only), n32 (hf only)} \\ |
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204 \hhline{*{1}{|~}*{14}{|-}}% ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- real/ERlt ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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205 & EL & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markunkn & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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206 \hline% ^- checked ^- dynOS ^- checked ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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207 \multirow{2}{*}{SuperH} & EB & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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208 \hhline{*{1}{|~}*{14}{|-}}% ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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209 & EL & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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210 \hline% ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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211 \multirow{2}{*}{PowerPC} & EB & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \multirow{2}{*}{apple, sysv}\\ |
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212 \hhline{*{1}{|~}*{14}{|-}}% ^- checked ^- dynOS ^-dynOS ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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213 & EL & \marknotx & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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214 \hline% ^- checked ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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215 \multirow{2}{*}{PowerPC64} & EB & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markunkn & \markimpl & \marknotx & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \multirow{2}{*}{elf} \\ |
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216 \hhline{*{1}{|~}*{14}{|-}}% ^- checked ^- masanori@ ^- checked ^- dynOS ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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217 & EL & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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218 \hline% ^- checked ^- masanori@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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219 m68k & & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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220 \hline |
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221 m88k & & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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222 \hline |
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223 x86 & & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& cdecl, stdcall, fastcall (MS \& GNU), thiscall (MS \& GNU), plan9 \\ |
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224 \hline |
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225 x64 & & \markcmpl & \markcmpl & \markcmpl & \markcmpl & \markcmpl & \markcmpl & \markcmpl & \markcmpl & \marknimp & \markcmpl & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& ms, sysv\\ |
| 574 | 226 \hline |
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227 Itanium & & \marknimp & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknimp & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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228 \hline |
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229 SPARC & & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markimpl & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& v7, v8\\ |
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230 \hline |
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231 SPARC64 & & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markimpl & \markimpl & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& v9 \\ |
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232 \hline |
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233 RISC-V & & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
| 419 | 234 \hline |
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235 \multirow{2}{*}{RISC-V 64} & rv64imac & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknimp & \marknimp & \marknimp & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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236 \hhline{*{1}{|~}*{14}{|-}}% ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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237 & rv64imafdc & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx & \markimpl & \markunkn & \markunkn & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx & \markimpl & \marknotx & \marknotx & \marknotx \\%& \\ |
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238 % ^- checked ^- dynOS ^- checked ^- dynOS ^- find@@@ ^- find@@@ ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked ^- dynOS ^- checked ^- checked ^- checked |
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239 |
| 0 | 240 \end{tabular} |
| 92 | 241 \caption{Supported platforms}% |
| 0 | 242 \end{table} |
| 243 | |
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244 |
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250
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245 \subsection{Build Requirements} |
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246 |
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247 The library needs at least a c99 compiler with additional support for anonymous |
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248 structs/unions (which were introduced officially in c11). Given that those are |
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249 generally supported by pretty much all major c99 conforming compilers (as |
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250 default extension), it should build fine with a c99 toolchain. |
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251 |